egress-proxies-operator/docs/plans-executions/2026-08-07-1747-proxy-operator.md

# Execution log: proxy-operator

Pairs with [docs/plans/2026-08-07-1747-proxy-operator.md](../plans/2026-08-07-1747-proxy-operator.md).

## Status

- [x] Step 0 — Branch and scaffold
- [x] Step 1 — API types (`api/v1alpha1/proxy_types.go`)
- [x] Step 2 — Provider contract (`internal/provider/`)
- [x] Step 3 — Mock provider (`internal/provider/mock/`)
- [ ] Step 4 — Reconciler (`internal/controller/`)
- [ ] Step 5 — Health engine (`internal/health/`)
- [ ] Step 6 — Lease store (`internal/lease/`)
- [ ] Step 7 — Discovery API (`internal/discovery/`)
- [ ] Step 8 — GCP provider (`internal/provider/gcp/`)
- [ ] Step 9 — Orphan GC + metrics
- [ ] Step 10 — Wiring, config, docs
- [ ] Step 11 — Tests
- [ ] Verification (vet/test/kind e2e) + commit, push, open MR

## Step 0 — Branch and scaffold

Branched off the unborn `main`:

```bash
git checkout -b feat/proxy-operator
```

Installed kubebuilder v4.15.0 into a scratch `GOBIN` rather than the default
`$(go env GOPATH)/bin`, since the module's package layout changed and
`go install .../cmd/kubebuilder@v4.15.0` (the path from the plan) 404s — the binary is
now the module root itself:

```bash
GOBIN=<scratch>/bin go install sigs.k8s.io/kubebuilder/v4@v4.15.0
```

Scaffolded in place, with `kubebuilder` on `PATH`:

```bash
kubebuilder version
# KubeBuilder: v4.15.0, Kubernetes: 1.36.0

kubebuilder init --domain example.com \
  --repo gitea.home.hrajfrisbee.cz/kacerr/egress-proxies-operator --plugins go/v4
# WARN: target directory not empty (expected — CLAUDE.md, docs/, .claude/ already existed)

kubebuilder create api --group crawl --version v1alpha1 --kind Proxy \
  --resource --controller
```

`create api` auto-ran `make manifests` at the end, which pulled and ran
`controller-gen` itself:

```bash
sigs.k8s.io/controller-tools/cmd/controller-gen@v0.21.0
"$(bin)/controller-gen" object:headerFile="hack/boilerplate.go.txt",year=2026 paths="./..."
```

Confirmed the CRD group landed correctly (no doubling — `--domain example.com
--group crawl` was used specifically to avoid the `crawl.crawl.example.com` trap
called out in the plan):

```bash
grep -A2 "GroupVersion =" api/v1alpha1/groupversion_info.go
# SchemeGroupVersion = schema.GroupVersion{Group: "crawl.example.com", Version: "v1alpha1"}
```

Dropped the scaffolded GitHub Actions workflows (remote is Gitea, not GitHub):

```bash
git rm -r --cached .github 2>/dev/null; rm -rf .github
```

Ran the full manifest/codegen pass once more to confirm the toolchain is reproducible
end to end:

```bash
make manifests generate
# controller-gen rbac:roleName=manager-role crd webhook paths="./..." output:crd:artifacts:config=config/crd/bases
# controller-gen object:headerFile="hack/boilerplate.go.txt",year=2026 paths="./..."
```

then `go build ./...` and `go vet ./...`, both clean with no output.

Worth noting: `CONTROLLER_TOOLS_VERSION` in the generated `Makefile` came out at
`v0.21.0` by default in this kubebuilder release, so the Makefile edit the plan
anticipated wasn't needed. Pre-existing `CLAUDE.md`/`CHANGELOG.md` content survived
untouched; kubebuilder added its own `README.md`, `AGENTS.md`, `.golangci.yml`,
`.devcontainer/`, `Dockerfile` on top of them — those get edited or left as-is in
later steps. Committed as `076bc66`.

## Step 1 — API types (`api/v1alpha1/proxy_types.go`)

Wrote the full `ProxySpec`/`ProxyStatus`/`Proxy` types per the plan, including the
four corrections called out there (`MaxLeases *int32`, `HealthCheck` with
`+kubebuilder:default={}`, `MinLength=1` on `Provider`/`CloudInit.Inline`,
`Conditions` with `+listType=map`), the 7 CEL `XValidation` rules (6 on `ProxySpec`,
1 on `CloudInitSpec`), and pure helpers in `helpers.go`
(`EffectivePort`/`EffectiveHost`/`HealthCheckOrDefault`/`MaxLeasesOrDefault`) with
table-driven tests in `helpers_test.go`.

Regenerated deepcopy and the CRD:

```bash
make manifests generate
# controller-gen rbac:roleName=manager-role crd webhook paths="./..." output:crd:artifacts:config=config/crd/bases
# controller-gen object:headerFile="hack/boilerplate.go.txt",year=2026 paths="./..."
```

Confirmed all 7 CEL rules and the `healthCheck` `default: {}` block landed in the
generated CRD as expected:

```bash
grep -B1 "rule:" config/crd/bases/crawl.example.com_proxies.yaml
# 7 matches, one per XValidation marker written
```

Ran the full suite, not just `go build`/`go vet`, since this was a good opportunity to
confirm envtest itself works end to end for the first time:

```bash
make test
# Setting up envtest binaries for Kubernetes version 1.36...
# .../bin/k8s/1.36.2-darwin-arm64   (confirms the plan's envtest version note)
```

This failed on the first run — not because of anything in the new types, but because
kubebuilder's scaffolded placeholder test in `proxy_controller_test.go` creates a bare
`Proxy{}` with no `spec.mode`, which our new required/enum field correctly rejects:

```text
Proxy.crawl.example.com "test-resource" is invalid: [spec.mode: Unsupported value: "":
supported values: "Managed", "External", ...]
```

That's a real envtest apiserver enforcing our schema for the first time, which is
useful confirmation on its own. Patched just the resource literal in that scaffold
test to a minimal valid spec (`Mode: External` + `Endpoint.Host`) rather than
rewriting the file — that whole test gets replaced in Step 4 alongside the real
reconciler, so a deeper fix now would be thrown away. `make test` then passed clean:
`api/v1alpha1` at 20.5% coverage (helpers only — CEL itself isn't unit-testable, it's
exercised by the real apiserver as shown above), `internal/controller` at 66.7%.

Worth noting: the `go test ./...` command from the plan's own verification section
does *not* work directly for the envtest suite — it needs `KUBEBUILDER_ASSETS` set,
which only `make test` does via `setup-envtest`. Plain `go test ./...` fails the
`internal/controller` package with a `/usr/local/kubebuilder/bin/etcd: no such file`
error that has nothing to do with the code. Use `make test`, not `go test ./...`,
whenever the controller package is in scope.

## Step 2 — Provider contract (`internal/provider/`)

Wrote the `Provider` interface (`Create`/`Get`/`Delete`/`ListByTag`), `Instance`,
`Placement`, `CreateRequest`, and the GC-contract label constants
(`provider.go`); the error taxonomy with multi-error `Unwrap() []error` so
`errors.Is` and `errors.As` both work off the same wrapped value
(`errors.go`); deterministic instance naming via SHA-256 → base32 → 16
chars (`name.go`); and `--providers-config` YAML parsing with fail-fast
validation (`config.go`).

One deliberate deviation from the plan's file layout: the plan listed
`internal/provider/metrics.go` as part of this step, but the
`provider.WithMetrics` decorator it describes is Step 9's concern (it needs
the Prometheus vectors that don't exist until the metrics package is
built) and nothing in this step depends on it existing yet. Deferred to
Step 9 rather than writing a decorator with nowhere to register its
metrics.

The registry package (`internal/provider/registry/registry.go`) came out
slightly different from the plan's sketch, and better for it: instead of a
package-level `var builtin = map[string]Constructor{"mock": mock.New, "gcp":
gcp.New}` living inside the registry package, `Build` takes the
`map[string]Constructor` as a parameter. This means `registry` has zero
import on `internal/provider/mock` or `internal/provider/gcp` — neither of
which exists yet at this point in the plan (mock is Step 3, gcp is Step 8)
— so the package compiles today instead of only once both are done, and the
explicit wiring lives at the composition root (`cmd/main.go`, Step 10)
rather than being smeared into the registry package itself. Still fully
avoids the import-cycle trap the plan called out.

Ran the full suite:

```bash
go mod tidy   # sigs.k8s.io/yaml (already an indirect dep of the k8s.io toolchain) promoted to direct
go build ./... && go vet ./...
go test -race -v ./internal/provider/...
make test
```

`internal/provider` landed at 96.2% coverage, `internal/provider/registry` at
100%. `make test` also ran `go fmt ./...`, which reformatted `errors.go`'s
struct-field comment alignment before its first commit — no logic change,
just gofmt on a brand-new file.

Worth noting: `sigs.k8s.io/yaml` (not `gopkg.in/yaml.v3`) was picked for
`--providers-config` parsing specifically because it has `UnmarshalStrict`
built in (rejects unknown fields, which is what "fail fast on unknown type"
in the plan actually needs) and was already pulled in transitively by the
k8s.io toolchain, so no new dependency was added — `go mod tidy` just
promoted it from indirect to direct.

## Step 3 — Mock provider (`internal/provider/mock/`)

Started from the plan's design (state as a pure function of an injectable
clock, no background timers) but had to redesign the "real proxy" part
before writing any code, once a load-bearing assumption turned out false.

The plan (and the earlier decision to make the mock run a real proxy)
assumed each instance could get its own loopback address —
`127.0.0.1:<port>` per instance, "a fake IP from a private range." Verified
that assumption directly before committing to it:

```bash
cat <<'EOF' > /tmp/loopbacktest.go
package main
import ("fmt"; "net")
func main() {
	for _, addr := range []string{"127.0.0.2:0", "127.0.0.55:0", "127.1.2.3:0"} {
		l, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
		if err != nil { fmt.Printf("%s: FAIL: %v\n", addr, err); continue }
		fmt.Printf("%s: OK\n", addr)
		l.Close()
	}
}
EOF
go run /tmp/loopbacktest.go
# 127.0.0.2:0: FAIL: listen tcp 127.0.0.2:0: bind: can't assign requested address
# 127.0.0.55:0: FAIL: listen tcp 127.0.0.55:0: bind: can't assign requested address
# 127.1.2.3:0: FAIL: listen tcp 127.1.2.3:0: bind: can't assign requested address
```

Only `127.0.0.1` binds on macOS without `sudo ifconfig lo0 alias ... up` —
Linux routes the whole `127.0.0.0/8` block to loopback by default, macOS
doesn't. That's not something the operator can or should do at runtime, so
per-instance loopback IPs were out. There's also a second problem the
per-instance-IP design didn't solve anyway: `EffectivePort()`
(`api/v1alpha1/helpers.go`, Step 1) is computed purely from `spec.port`
with no channel for a provider to report back a different *port* — so
whatever a mock instance actually listens on has to be the literal port the
reconciler will pass through `CreateRequest.Port`, not an OS-assigned
ephemeral one.

Redesigned around one real listener **per port**, shared and
reference-counted across every instance that uses it, rather than one
listener per instance (`proxy.go`, `sharedProxies`). This fixes both
problems at once: every instance binds the same `127.0.0.1` (no OS issue),
and any number of instances can share a port without conflict since it's
the exact same underlying listener. Deliberately made the refcounting
**package-level**, not a field on `mock.Provider`, because a bound TCP port
is a genuinely process-global OS resource — two separately configured
mock-typed provider entries (e.g. two named `"mock"` instances in
`providers-config.yaml`) would otherwise both try to bind the same default
port and the second one would just fail. This is a case where a package
global is the correct model, not a shortcut: it mirrors an OS-level
singleton, not application state.

Instance lifecycle otherwise follows the plan exactly: `Get`/`ListByTag`
derive `Provisioning → Running → Terminated → purged (ErrNotFound)` from
`createdAt`/`deletedAt` compared against an injectable clock, with the real
proxy listener acquired lazily on the first observed `Running` and released
on `Delete` (or lazily on purge, so orphaned records can't leak a
reference). `Create` is idempotent by name. Fault injection is wired both
ways per the plan: `MockConfig.FailNextCreates`/`FailWith` for the demo
config, `InjectCreateFailures(n, class)` for tests.

Tests initially had a real flake, caught by running with `-race -count=3`
rather than trusting one green run:

```bash
go test -race -v ./internal/provider/mock/... 2>&1 | tail -5
# --- FAIL: TestAcquireProxy_sharedAcrossAcquires
#     proxy_test.go:37: port not released after last reference: bind: address already in use
```

Root cause wasn't the refcounting logic — it was the test helper. `freePort`
asked the OS for a free port by binding to `:0` and immediately closing it,
which is a classic TOCTOU race under `t.Parallel()`: two tests can be handed
the same "free" port before either actually claims it, since nothing holds
it open in between. Fixed by replacing the OS-asks approach with a
monotonic counter (`20000 + atomic.Int32`) — these tests only need a port
unique *within this test run*, not one verified free by the OS at an
instant in time, so guaranteeing uniqueness outright is both simpler and
correct where the "ask and hope" approach wasn't. Reran `-race -count=3`
clean afterward.

Added tests beyond the plan's list to close real coverage gaps rather than
stopping at "green": config-override branches in `New`, all four
`failClassFromString` branches, `ListByTag`'s purge-on-list and
Running/IP-inclusion paths, and a plain-`http://` forwarding test
(`handleForward`) alongside the CONNECT one, since a `probeURL` override
could use either scheme. Landed at 91.1% coverage; the remainder is
OS-failure branches (bind errors, hijack failures) not worth simulating for
a prototype.

The `TestProvider_realProxyTunnelsConnect` test is the one that actually
matters most here: it opens real sockets end to end — mock `Create` →
`Get` past `provisionDelay` → real `http.Client` with
`Transport.Proxy` dialing through the mock's CONNECT tunnel to a real
`httptest.NewTLSServer` — and gets a real `204` back. That's the concrete
proof the "mock runs a real proxy" decision actually delivers a genuine
end-to-end healthcheck, not a simulated one.

`internal/provider/mock` at 91.1% coverage. `make test` green across the
whole repo.

## Step 3 (revised) — Kubernetes pod provider replaces the mock

After the mock provider above was built and working, the user pushed back:
it felt too far from the real system to build confidence in, and they'd
rather have simpler, more "real" code than a fast-but-simulated test
double — a `kind`-based verification pass "once in a while" is an
acceptable trade. They proposed replacing it outright with a provider that
creates real Pods in the operator's own cluster, rather than keeping mock
around as a fallback.

**Talked through the trade-off before agreeing to it, since it wasn't free
of downsides.** Pods sharing a cluster's egress IPs don't solve what this
operator actually exists for (routing around IP-based rate limiting needs
genuinely distinct egress paths — that's still only `gcp`), and `envtest`
has no kubelet, so a Pod-based provider can never be exercised by the fast
test suite either. Net effect: this is a replacement for the mock's role
in local dev/CI confidence-building, not a new alternative to GCP, and the
reconciler's own state-machine tests (Step 4) still need a minimal
in-test stub `Provider` — a handful of lines in the test file, not a
package with its own config format or fault-injection surface, which is
the specific kind of complexity the user was pushing back on.

**Picked the proxy software by actually checking what's out there,** not
by guessing a Docker Hub path:

```bash
curl -s "https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/vimagick/tinyproxy/" | head -c 400
# last_updated 2021-07-22 — stale
curl -s "https://hub.docker.com/v2/repositories/ubuntu/squid/" | head -c 400
# last_updated 2026-08-07T04:36:14Z — updated the same day, Canonical-published, 50M+ pulls
```

`ubuntu/squid` won clearly: actively maintained (rebuilt the same day this
check ran), official publisher, and — since it's a public image — `kind`
nodes pull it directly, no build/load step needed for the quickstart.
Pinned to `6.6-24.04_edge` (Ubuntu 24.04 LTS base) rather than floating
`latest`, for reproducibility.

**Design, in `internal/provider/kubernetes/`:**

- **`pod.go`** — `buildPod` is a pure function (mirrors the GCP provider's
  planned `buildInsertRequest`): builds a `corev1.Pod` with one Squid
  container. Config is generated in Go and passed via a `SQUID_CONF` env
  var that the container's command writes to `/etc/squid/squid.conf`
  before `exec squid` — deliberately not a separate `ConfigMap`, so
  there's still exactly one Kubernetes object per proxy instance to
  create, track, and clean up. The config itself is intentionally
  permissive (`http_access allow all`, `via off`, `forwarded_for off`) —
  documented in-code as a prototype-for-a-private-cluster choice, the same
  posture the spec already takes toward cloud-init on the GCP provider
  (installing/configuring proxy software is explicitly out of scope
  there; this provider doesn't try to do more).
- **`kubernetes.go`** — `Create`/`Get`/`Delete`/`ListByTag` against a
  `client.Client`. **`providerID` is `<namespace>/<podName>`**, parsed
  with `k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache.SplitMetaNamespaceKey` — the exact
  same reasoning as the GCP provider's planned zone-qualified providerID
  (Step 8): `Get`/`Delete` need to be self-contained without re-deriving
  where the resource lives. State mapping collapses `Succeeded`/`Failed`/
  `Unknown` all into `Terminated`, since the reconciler already treats
  Stopped and Terminated identically (delete + recreate) — no finer
  distinction would change any behavior. `Running` with no `PodIP` yet
  maps to `Provisioning`, not `Running`, so an empty IP is never
  published — the same rule the plan already called out for GCP's
  `RUNNING`-without-`NatIP` case.
- **Client construction is the one genuinely new pattern this provider
  needed** that GCP/mock didn't: it builds its own `client.Client` via
  `ctrl.GetConfig()`, which auto-detects in-cluster config when running as
  a Pod and falls back to the local kubeconfig otherwise. That's what
  makes `make run` against a local `kind` cluster and running in-cluster
  use the exact same code path with zero provider-specific wiring in
  `cmd/main.go`. The corresponding risk: `New()` must never run under
  `go test` — it would happily connect to whatever real cluster the
  developer's kubeconfig points at. Solved the same way `mock.Provider`
  solved clock injection: an unexported `newWithClient(c, cfg)` constructor
  that tests call directly, bypassing `ctrl.GetConfig()` entirely.
  `New()` sits at 0% test coverage, deliberately — it's the one function
  that must stay untested by design.
- **RBAC implication worth flagging now** (implemented in Step 10):
  `ListByTag` lists Pods across every namespace, not just the namespace(s)
  Proxies live in, because orphan GC needs to find every Pod this operator
  tagged regardless of where it landed. That means the operator's Pod
  permissions have to be a `ClusterRole`, not scoped to a single
  namespace — a real trade-off against the "fleet lives in one namespace,
  keeps RBAC simple" principle the spec states for the CRD itself.
  Documented rather than special-cased away.
- **One known simplification, documented in a code comment rather than
  solved:** Kubernetes surfaces both RBAC-denied and quota-exceeded as the
  same 403 Forbidden, and `apierrors` has no helper to tell them apart.
  Both classify as `ErrPermanent` — the safer of the two defaults (stop
  retrying rather than hammering an API server that will never allow the
  request), but a real ResourceQuota failure that would clear once other
  proxies are deleted won't get the 5-minute-backoff-and-retry treatment
  `ErrQuotaExceeded` gives on the GCP path.

**Testing:** unlike the mock, this package's tests use
`sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client/fake` — real `corev1.Pod`
objects, the real `client.Client` interface, not a hand-rolled in-memory
map. That's a strictly more realistic test double than what mock.Provider
was, while still being fast (no cluster, no kubelet) — it just can't prove
a container actually starts and serves traffic, which is exactly the gap
the `kind`-based verification pass is for. 77.6% coverage; the only
meaningfully uncovered function is `New()` itself, deliberately.

`make test` green across the whole repo (`go build`/`go vet` clean,
`internal/provider` 96.0%, `internal/provider/kubernetes` 77.6%,
`internal/provider/registry` 100%, unchanged).

## Cleanup — removed unused cert-manager/webhook scaffolding

Not a plan step; the user asked for this directly after I explained what
`make test-e2e` currently does, and didn't want unused scaffold machinery
carried forward into later work.

kubebuilder's generic scaffold assumes a project *might* grow admission
webhooks later, so it wires up webhook TLS-cert machinery and an
unconditional cert-manager install in the e2e suite defensively. Checked
whether any of it was actually load-bearing before touching anything:

```bash
grep -rn "cert-manager\|certmanager\|CertManager" config/
# only inside commented-out [CERTMANAGER] blocks in kustomization.yaml —
# the whole block is inert, never uncommented
grep -n "webhook" PROJECT
# no output — kubebuilder create webhook was never run
```

Confirmed nothing here does anything for this project — no `config/webhook/`
exists, no `+kubebuilder:webhook` markers exist anywhere, and the spec's
own non-goals explicitly rule out admission webhooks and cert-manager
wiring forever, not just "not yet."

Removed:

- **`cmd/main.go`**: the `webhook` import, the three `webhook-cert-*`
  flags, the `webhookServerOptions`/`webhookServer` construction, and the
  `WebhookServer:` field on `ctrl.Options` — the manager runs with no
  webhook server at all now, which is correct since nothing registers one.
  Left the metrics-cert flags alone (`--metrics-cert-path` etc.) — those
  let real certs be mounted for the metrics endpoint without cert-manager,
  which is unrelated to webhooks and still useful. Reworded a comment that
  said "TODO(user): If you enable certManager..." since that will never
  happen here.
- **`test/e2e/e2e_suite_test.go`**: the unconditional cert-manager install
  in `BeforeSuite` and matching uninstall in `AfterSuite`
  (`setupCertManager`/`teardownCertManager`/`shouldCleanupCertManager`),
  and the doc comment claiming the suite "requires Kind and CertManager"
  (it only requires Kind now).
- **`test/utils/utils.go`**: `InstallCertManager`, `UninstallCertManager`,
  `IsCertManagerCRDsInstalled`, and their now-unused `warnError` helper and
  `certmanagerVersion`/`certmanagerURLTmpl` constants. Also removed
  `UncommentCode` — grepped first and confirmed it had zero callers even
  before this cleanup; it was dead scaffold code from the start, unrelated
  to cert-manager, just found while in there.

Left the inert commented-out `[WEBHOOK]`/`[CERTMANAGER]` blocks in the
`config/*/kustomization.yaml` files and the
`+kubebuilder:scaffold:e2e-webhooks-checks`-style marker comments in
`test/e2e/e2e_test.go` alone — those are standard kubebuilder codegen
anchors and pure comments with no runtime behavior, unlike the cert-manager
install this cleanup actually removed. Stripping every trace of "webhook"
from every scaffold comment across the tree would be a much bigger, purely
cosmetic diff for no behavioral benefit; this cleanup targeted the things
that were actually *doing* something.

Verified with both build tags, since `test/e2e` only compiles under `-tags=e2e`:

```bash
go build ./... && go vet ./...
go build -tags=e2e ./... && go vet -tags=e2e ./...
```

Both clean. `make test` green across the whole repo, unchanged from before
the cleanup.