misc: zot registry, k8s OIDC, server configs, sandbox experiments, and notes

- docker-30/zot: add Zot OCI registry with on-demand sync to docker.io,
  registry.k8s.io, ghcr.io, quay.io
- kubernetes-kvm-terraform: wire Kanidm OIDC via structured
  AuthenticationConfiguration; add reference apiserver manifest and
  join-node-02 helper
- servers: reorganize shadow/ under servers/, add saint vhost config and
  utility-101 VM definition, add shadow hrajfrisbee.cz vhost and
  storage-23 notes
- experiments: add notes and configs for e2b dev VM, kata + firecracker
  on kube, microsandbox, orb-stack k3s (terraform + cloud-init), rke2
- vms/docker: document tailscale + node-exporter setup
- blog: stub post on Gateway API
- chore: gitignore tmp/, smtp_password, and the two local-only
  credential caches; add per-project .claude/settings.json

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
2026-05-01 18:12:38 +02:00
parent 5ca27a832b
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# E2B Dev VM Setup on KVM Homelab
## Context
The user wants to run the E2B infrastructure dev stack on a KVM virtual machine in their homelab. E2B uses Firecracker microVMs (which need `/dev/kvm`), so the guest VM needs **nested virtualization** (KVM-in-KVM). This guide covers VM creation, OS configuration, toolchain installation, and running the full dev stack.
> **Note from upstream**: [DEV-LOCAL.md](DEV-LOCAL.md) says "Linux is required. This is a work in progress. Not everything will function as expected."
---
## Phase 1: Create the KVM VM on the Hypervisor Host
### 1.1 Enable nested virtualization on the host
**Intel:**
```bash
cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/nested # check
sudo modprobe -r kvm_intel && sudo modprobe kvm_intel nested=1
echo "options kvm_intel nested=1" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/kvm-nested.conf
```
**AMD:**
```bash
cat /sys/module/kvm_amd/parameters/nested
sudo modprobe -r kvm_amd && sudo modprobe kvm_amd nested=1
echo "options kvm_amd nested=1" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/kvm-nested.conf
# get details about loaded kernel module
systool -v -m kvm_amd
```
### 1.2 Create the VM
```bash
virt-install \
--name e2b-dev \
--ram 16384 \
--vcpus 8 \
--cpu host-passthrough \
--os-variant ubuntu24.04 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/e2b-dev.qcow2,size=100,format=qcow2,bus=virtio \
--network bridge=virbr0,model=virtio \
--graphics none \
--console pty,target_type=serial \
--cdrom /path/to/ubuntu-24.04-live-server-amd64.iso \
--extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8'
```
**Why these specs:**
| Resource | Value | Rationale |
|----------|-------|-----------|
| RAM | 16 GB (24-32 better) | 4 GB for huge pages (2048 x 2MB), ~4 GB for 10 Docker containers, rest for Go services + Firecracker VMs |
| vCPUs | 8 | Firecracker VMs consume vCPUs; Go services are concurrent |
| Disk | 100 GB | Docker images, FC binaries, kernels, rootfs, Go cache, build artifacts |
| CPU | `host-passthrough` | **Mandatory** -- exposes VMX/SVM to guest so `/dev/kvm` works inside the VM |
### 1.3 Alternative: libvirt XML
If you manage VMs declaratively, the critical part is:
```xml
<cpu mode='host-passthrough' check='none' migratable='off'/>
```
### 1.4 Verify nested KVM works (after OS install)
```bash
ls -la /dev/kvm # must exist
lsmod | grep kvm # kvm + kvm_intel/kvm_amd
grep -cE '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo # must be > 0
```
If `/dev/kvm` is missing, go back to 1.1.
---
## Phase 2: OS Configuration (inside the guest VM)
**Recommended OS:** Ubuntu 24.04 LTS Server (matches CI, well-tested with Firecracker)
### 2.1 Base packages
```bash
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install -y \
build-essential git curl wget unzip jq make gcc pkg-config \
iptables iproute2 net-tools ca-certificates gnupg \
lsb-release software-properties-common gettext-base
```
### 2.2 Kernel modules
```bash
# Load now
sudo modprobe nbd nbds_max=64
sudo modprobe kvm
sudo modprobe kvm_intel # or kvm_amd
sudo modprobe tun
sudo modprobe veth
sudo modprobe nf_tables
sudo modprobe nft_nat
# Persist across reboots
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/e2b.conf
nbd
kvm
kvm_intel
tun
veth
nf_tables
nft_nat
EOF
echo "options nbd nbds_max=64" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/nbd.conf
```
### 2.3 Sysctl
```bash
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-e2b.conf
vm.nr_hugepages=2048
vm.max_map_count=1048576
vm.swappiness=10
vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.core.somaxconn=65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65535
EOF
sudo sysctl --system
```
### 2.4 Udev rules (suppress NBD inotify noise)
```bash
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-e2b-nbd.rules
KERNEL=="nbd*", OPTIONS+="nowatch"
EOF
sudo udevadm control --reload-rules && sudo udevadm trigger
```
### 2.5 File descriptor limits
```bash
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/security/limits.d/e2b.conf
* soft nofile 1048576
* hard nofile 1048576
root soft nofile 1048576
root hard nofile 1048576
EOF
```
---
## Phase 3: Install Toolchain
### 3.1 Docker
```bash
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
# Log out and back in
docker --version && docker compose version
```
### 3.2 mise (manages all tools from `.tool-versions`)
```bash
curl https://mise.run | sh
echo 'eval "$(~/.local/bin/mise activate bash)"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```
### 3.3 Install project tools
The repo's [.tool-versions](.tool-versions) pins:
| Tool | Version |
| --- | --- |
| golang | 1.25.4 |
| buf | 1.28.1 |
| bun | 1.3.2 |
| protoc | 29.3 |
| protoc-gen-go | 1.28.1 |
| protoc-gen-go-grpc | 1.6.1 |
| protoc-gen-connect-go | 1.18.1 |
| golangci-lint | 2.8.0 |
| terraform | 1.5.7 |
| packer | 1.13.1 |
| python | 3.13.11 |
| gcloud | 534.0.0 |
```bash
cd ~/e2b-infra # after cloning
mise install # installs everything from .tool-versions
```
> **Note:** `gcloud` is only needed for `gsutil` to download prebuilt artifacts. If you don't have GCP credentials, you can download them via HTTPS instead (see Phase 5).
---
## Phase 4: Clone Repository
```bash
git clone https://github.com/e2b-dev/infra.git ~/e2b-infra
cd ~/e2b-infra
go work sync
```
---
## Phase 5: Download Prebuilt Artifacts
Firecracker binaries and Linux kernels must be downloaded from the public GCS bucket.
**With gsutil (if gcloud is configured):**
```bash
make download-public-kernels
make download-public-firecrackers
```
**Without GCP credentials (HTTPS alternative):**
The bucket `e2b-prod-public-builds` is publicly accessible. You'll need to browse/list it to find available versions, then download manually:
```bash
# Install gsutil standalone (no GCP project needed for public buckets)
# OR use curl/wget against:
# https://storage.googleapis.com/e2b-prod-public-builds/
# to discover and download kernel and firecracker builds
```
The simplest path is to install just the `gcloud` CLI (via mise) and run the make targets -- no GCP project or auth is needed for public bucket reads.
---
## Phase 6: Prepare Local Environment
### 6.1 Start infrastructure containers
```bash
make local-infra
# Starts: PostgreSQL 17.4, Redis 7.4.2, ClickHouse 25.4.5.24,
# Grafana 12.0.0, Loki 3.4.1, Tempo 2.8.2, Mimir 2.17.1,
# OTEL Collector 0.146.0, Vector, Memcached 1.6.38
```
Wait for all containers to be healthy:
```bash
docker compose -f packages/local-dev/docker-compose.yaml ps
```
### 6.2 Initialize databases
```bash
make -C packages/db migrate-local # PostgreSQL
make -C packages/clickhouse migrate-local # ClickHouse
```
### 6.3 Build envd (in-VM daemon)
```bash
make -C packages/envd build
```
### 6.4 Seed database with dev credentials
```bash
make -C packages/local-dev seed-database
```
Creates test user, team, API key, and access token for local development.
---
## Phase 7: Run the Dev Stack
Each service runs in the foreground. Use **tmux**, **screen**, or separate SSH sessions.
| Terminal | Command | Listens on |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | `make local-infra` | (Docker containers) |
| 2 | `make -C packages/api run-local` | `:3000` |
| 3 | `make -C packages/orchestrator build-debug && sudo make -C packages/orchestrator run-local` | `:5008` |
| 4 | `make -C packages/client-proxy run-local` | `:3002` |
> The orchestrator **requires sudo** -- Firecracker needs root for `/dev/kvm`, network namespaces, veth pairs, nftables rules, and NBD devices.
---
## Phase 8: Verify
### 8.1 Health checks
```bash
curl -s http://localhost:3000/health # API
curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" http://localhost:53000 # Grafana (expect 302)
curl -s 'http://localhost:8123/?query=SELECT%201' # ClickHouse
redis-cli -h localhost -p 6379 ping # Redis
```
### 8.2 Build the base template
```bash
make -C packages/shared/scripts local-build-base-template
```
### 8.3 Test with E2B client SDK
```bash
export E2B_API_KEY=e2b_53ae1fed82754c17ad8077fbc8bcdd90
export E2B_ACCESS_TOKEN=sk_e2b_89215020937a4c989cde33d7bc647715
export E2B_API_URL=http://localhost:3000
export E2B_SANDBOX_URL=http://localhost:3002
# Use E2B SDK/CLI to create a sandbox
```
---
## Phase 9: Access from Host (Optional)
### SSH port forwarding
```bash
ssh -N \
-L 3000:localhost:3000 \
-L 3002:localhost:3002 \
-L 53000:localhost:53000 \
-L 5432:localhost:5432 \
-L 8123:localhost:8123 \
user@<vm-ip>
```
### Or use bridged networking
If the VM has a routable IP on your LAN, services are directly accessible (Docker binds to `0.0.0.0`, Go services listen on all interfaces).
---
## Service Endpoints Reference
| Service | URL |
| --- | --- |
| E2B API | `http://localhost:3000` |
| E2B Client Proxy | `http://localhost:3002` |
| E2B Orchestrator | `http://localhost:5008` |
| Grafana | `http://localhost:53000` |
| PostgreSQL | `postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432` |
| ClickHouse (HTTP) | `http://localhost:8123` |
| ClickHouse (native) | `localhost:9000` |
| Redis | `localhost:6379` |
| OTEL Collector (gRPC) | `localhost:4317` |
| OTEL Collector (HTTP) | `localhost:4318` |
| Loki | `http://localhost:3100` |
| Vector | `localhost:30006` |
---
## Troubleshooting
| Problem | Fix |
| --- | --- |
| `/dev/kvm` missing in guest | Enable nested virt on host (Phase 1.1), use `host-passthrough` CPU |
| `modprobe nbd` fails | Check kernel has NBD support: `modinfo nbd` |
| Orchestrator permission errors | Must run with `sudo` |
| Huge pages < 2048 | Not enough contiguous memory; increase VM RAM or set earlier in boot |
| Docker containers won't start | Check `systemctl status docker`, port conflicts with `ss -tlnp` |
| `gsutil` not found | Install via `mise install gcloud` or download artifacts via HTTPS |
---
## After VM Reboot Checklist
```bash
# 1. Verify kernel modules and sysctl (should be persistent)
lsmod | grep nbd
cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages # expect 2048
# 2. Start infra
cd ~/e2b-infra && make local-infra
# 3. Start services (separate terminals)
make -C packages/api run-local
sudo make -C packages/orchestrator run-local
make -C packages/client-proxy run-local
```

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## dev-vm on beelink
```bash
virt-install \
--name e2b-dev \
--ram 16384 \
--vcpus 8 \
--cpu host-passthrough \
--os-variant ubuntu24.04 \
--disk path=/srv/vms/e2b-dev.qcow2,size=100,format=qcow2,bus=virtio \
--network bridge=br0,model=virtio \
--graphics none \
--console pty,target_type=serial \
--location /srv/vms/isos/ubuntu-24.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso,kernel=casper/vmlinuz,initrd=casper/initrd \
--extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8'
# base packages
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install -y \
build-essential git curl wget unzip jq make gcc pkg-config \
iptables iproute2 net-tools ca-certificates gnupg \
lsb-release software-properties-common gettext-base
# kernel modules
# Load now
sudo modprobe nbd nbds_max=64
sudo modprobe kvm
sudo modprobe kvm_amd # or kvm_amd
sudo modprobe tun
sudo modprobe veth
sudo modprobe nf_tables
sudo modprobe nft_nat
# Persist across reboots
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/e2b.conf
nbd
kvm
kvm_amd
tun
veth
nf_tables
nft_nat
EOF
echo "options nbd nbds_max=64" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/nbd.conf
# sysctl
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-e2b.conf
vm.nr_hugepages=2048
vm.max_map_count=1048576
vm.swappiness=10
vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.core.somaxconn=65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65535
EOF
sudo sysctl --system
# udev rules
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-e2b-nbd.rules
KERNEL=="nbd*", OPTIONS+="nowatch"
EOF
sudo udevadm control --reload-rules && sudo udevadm trigger
# file descriptor limits
cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee /etc/security/limits.d/e2b.conf
* soft nofile 1048576
* hard nofile 1048576
root soft nofile 1048576
root hard nofile 1048576
EOF
```
## install toolchain
```bash
# docker
curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
# Log out and back in
docker --version && docker compose version
# mise
curl https://mise.run | sh
echo 'eval "$(~/.local/bin/mise activate bash)"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```
```

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# E2B Sandbox Usage Guide
A practical guide for creating, observing, and using E2B sandboxes via the API.
## Prerequisites
### Local Dev Setup
Seed the database to create a test team and API key:
```bash
make -C packages/local-dev seed-database
```
### Environment Variables
```bash
E2B_API_KEY=e2b_53ae1fed82754c17ad8077fbc8bcdd90
E2B_ACCESS_TOKEN=sk_e2b_89215020937a4c989cde33d7bc647715
E2B_API_URL=http://localhost:3000
E2B_SANDBOX_URL=http://localhost:3002
```
All examples below use `$E2B_API_URL` and `$E2B_API_KEY` — export them in your shell for convenience:
```bash
export E2B_API_URL=http://localhost:3000
export E2B_API_KEY=e2b_53ae1fed82754c17ad8077fbc8bcdd90
```
---
## 1. Create a Sandbox
```bash
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"templateID": "base",
"timeout": 300
}'
```
**Response:**
```json
{
"sandboxID": "i1234567890abcdef",
"templateID": "base",
"envdVersion": "0.5.8",
"domain": "i1234567890abcdef.your-domain"
}
```
Save the `sandboxID` and `domain` from the response for subsequent commands.
### Optional Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Description |
|-----------|------|-------------|
| `secure` | bool | Returns an `envdAccessToken` for authenticated envd access |
| `envVars` | object | Inject environment variables into the VM |
| `metadata` | object | Tag the sandbox for filtering (e.g. `{"purpose": "test"}`) |
| `autoPause` | bool | Pause instead of kill on timeout |
| `allow_internet_access` | bool | Allow internet egress from the VM |
| `network.allowPublicTraffic` | bool | Allow inbound public traffic |
| `network.allowOut` | array | Allowed egress destinations (IPs, CIDRs, domains) |
| `network.denyOut` | array | Denied egress destinations (IPs/CIDRs only) |
| `volumeMounts` | array | Mount persistent volumes (`{"name": "vol", "path": "/data"}`) |
**Example with options:**
```bash
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"templateID": "base",
"timeout": 300,
"secure": true,
"envVars": {"MY_VAR": "hello"},
"metadata": {"purpose": "demo"}
}'
```
---
## 2. Observe Sandbox State
### Get details of a specific sandbox
```bash
curl $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID} \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
Returns state (`running`/`paused`), CPU/memory/disk config, network settings, and TTL (`endAt`).
### List all sandboxes
```bash
# Running only
curl "$E2B_API_URL/v2/sandboxes?state=running" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
# Running and paused
curl "$E2B_API_URL/v2/sandboxes?state=running&state=paused" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
# Filter by metadata
curl "$E2B_API_URL/v2/sandboxes?metadata=purpose%3Ddemo" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
### Get resource metrics (CPU, memory, disk)
```bash
curl "$E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/metrics?start=$(date -v-5M +%s)&end=$(date +%s)" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
**Response:**
```json
[
{
"timestampUnix": 1234567890,
"cpuCount": 2,
"cpuUsedPct": 25.5,
"memUsed": 268435456,
"memTotal": 536870912,
"diskUsed": 1073741824,
"diskTotal": 5368709120
}
]
```
### Get sandbox logs
```bash
curl "$E2B_API_URL/v2/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/logs?limit=100&direction=backward" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
Optional query parameters: `cursor` (ms timestamp), `level` (min log level), `search` (substring match).
---
## 3. Use the Sandbox
The in-VM daemon (**envd**) runs on port 49983 inside each sandbox, exposed via the sandbox's `domain`.
### Upload a file
```bash
curl -X POST https://{domain}/files \
-H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data" \
-F "file=@script.py" \
-F "path=/home/user/script.py"
```
### Using the E2B Python SDK
Point the SDK at your local API:
```python
from e2b import Sandbox
sbx = Sandbox("base", api_url="http://localhost:3000")
# Run a command
result = sbx.commands.run("echo 'Hello from Firecracker VM!'")
print(result.stdout)
# Write and execute a file
sbx.files.write("/home/user/hello.py", "print('Hello world')")
result = sbx.commands.run("python3 /home/user/hello.py")
print(result.stdout)
# List files
files = sbx.files.list("/home/user")
for f in files:
print(f.name)
sbx.kill()
```
### Envd Connect RPC API
The envd daemon exposes Connect RPC services for programmatic access:
**Process Service:**
- `Start(ProcessConfig)` — start a new process
- `List()` — list running processes
- `Connect(ProcessSelector)` — connect to process stdio
- `Signal(ProcessSelector, Signal)` — send signal to process
**Filesystem Service:**
- `ListDir(Path)` — list directory contents
- `Stat(Path)` — get file metadata
- `WatchDir(Path)` — watch for changes
- `Move(Source, Dest)` — move/rename file
- `RemoveDir(Path)` — remove directory
---
## 4. Lifecycle Management
### Extend timeout
```bash
# Add 60 seconds to the TTL
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/refreshes \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"duration": 60}'
# Or set an absolute timeout (seconds from now)
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/timeout \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"timeout": 120}'
```
### Pause (snapshot to disk)
```bash
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/pause \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
### Resume / reconnect
```bash
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/connect \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"timeout": 300}'
```
Returns `200` if already running, `201` if resumed from paused state.
### Kill
```bash
curl -X DELETE $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID} \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```
### Create a snapshot (template from running sandbox)
```bash
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/snapshots \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "my-snapshot"}'
```
---
## 5. Network Configuration
Update network rules on a running sandbox:
```bash
curl -X PUT $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/network \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"allowOut": ["8.8.8.8", "example.com"],
"denyOut": ["0.0.0.0/0"]
}'
```
**Rules:**
- If `allowOut` contains domain names, `denyOut` must include `0.0.0.0/0`
- Domain names are not supported in `denyOut` (IPs/CIDRs only)
- `allowOut` entries take precedence over `denyOut`
- Omitting both fields clears all rules

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## VMs
```bash
E2B_API_URL=http://192.168.0.61:3000
# create vm
curl -X POST $E2B_API_URL/sandboxes \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"templateID": "base",
"timeout": 300
}'
# response
{"alias":"base","clientID":"6532622b","domain":null,"envdVersion":"0.5.8","sandboxID":"in3h60s6h0ie3kigrcls4","templateID":"pz1l1owhmy0w84e12eqv","trafficAccessToken":null}
sandboxID=in3h60s6h0ie3kigrcls4
# create sandboxVM and capture id
sandboxID=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:3000/sandboxes -H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
"templateID": "base",
"timeout": 300
}' | jq -r .sandboxID
)
# get state
curl http://localhost:3000/sandboxes/${sandboxID} \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
# list running sandboxes
curl "http://localhost:3000/v2/sandboxes?state=running" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
# sandbox resource metrics
curl "http://localhost:3000/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/metrics?start=$(date -v-5M +%s)&end=$(date +%s)" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
# sandbox logs
curl "http://localhost:3000/v2/sandboxes/{sandboxID}/logs?limit=100&direction=backward" \
-H "X-API-Key: $E2B_API_KEY"
```

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# Disable the default all-in-one installation
shims:
disableAll: true
firecracker:
enabled: true
# In this chart version, 'env' must be a map, not a list.
# The template converts these keys into Environment Variables for you.
env:
kataArtifacts: "firecracker"
multiInstallSuffix: "" # This fixes the specific error you saw
installArtifactsOnly: false
# Automatically create the RuntimeClass
runtimeClass:
create: true
name: kata-fc
handler: kata-fc
# Set Firecracker as the default for amd64 nodes
defaultShim:
amd64: firecracker

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@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
apiVersion: node.k8s.io/v1
kind: RuntimeClass
metadata:
name: kata-fc
handler: kata-fc
scheduling:
nodeSelector:
# Ensure these pods only land on your specialized node
runtime: kata-fc
tolerations:
- key: "dedicated"
operator: "Equal"
value: "kata-fc"
effect: "NoSchedule"

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@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
## Node: kube-node-34
```bash
apt install cpu-checker
# check kvm availability
kvm-ok
cat /sys/module/kvm_amd/parameters/nested
lsmod | grep kvm
# install kata containers
# using kata-deploy ?
export VERSION=$(curl -sSL https://api.github.com/repos/kata-containers/kata-containers/releases/latest | jq .tag_name | tr -d '"')
export CHART="oci://ghcr.io/kata-containers/kata-deploy-charts/kata-deploy"
helm upgrade --install kata-deploy "${CHART}" --version "${VERSION}" --values experiments/kata_and_fc_on_kube/manifests/kata-deploy-values.yaml
# label only specific nodes to be used with kata-fc
kubectl label node kube-node-34 runtime=kata-fc
# taint node with NoSchedule
kubectl taint nodes kube-node-34 dedicated=kata-fc:NoSchedule
# configure runtime class
k apply -f experiments/kata_and_fc_on_kube/manifests//runtime-class_kata-fc.yaml
# devmapper configuration for firecracker in containerd
ctr plugins ls | grep devmapper
# create data and metadata files
# might want to replace this with LVM !!!!
# sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/containerd/devmapper
# sudo truncate -s 10G /var/lib/containerd/devmapper/data
# sudo truncate -s 1G /var/lib/containerd/devmapper/init_metadata
# # Associate the files with Loop Devices
# sudo losetup /dev/loop10 /var/lib/containerd/devmapper/data
# sudo losetup /dev/loop11 /var/lib/containerd/devmapper/init_metadata
# # Use dmsetup to create the pool:
# # This command creates the mapping.
# # The numbers '0 20971520' represent the size in 512-byte sectors (for a 10GB file).
# sudo dmsetup create containerd-pool --table "0 20971520 thin-pool /dev/loop11 /dev/loop10 128 32768 1"
lvcreate -L 10G -T kata-vg/kata-pool
# Add the configuration to /etc/containerd/config.toml:
# Find the [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"] section and update it:
[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"]
# LVM uses a specific naming convention in /dev/mapper/
# It is VolumeGroupName-LogicalVolumeName
pool_name = "kata--vg-kata--pool"
root_path = "/var/lib/containerd/devmapper"
base_image_size = "10GB"
discard_blocks = true
# restart containerd
systemctl restart containerd
```
### kube node preparation & deployment
```bash
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Packages
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
apt-get update
apt-get install -y \
qemu-guest-agent \
openssh-server \
apt-transport-https \
ca-certificates \
curl \
gnupg \
nvme-cli
systemctl enable --now qemu-guest-agent
systemctl enable --now ssh
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# nvme-tcp
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
apt-get install -y linux-modules-extra-$(uname -r)
modprobe nvme-tcp
echo "nvme-tcp" >> /etc/modules-load.d/nvme-tcp.conf
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Kernel modules for Kubernetes
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat > /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf <<'EOF'
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF
modprobe overlay
modprobe br_netfilter
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf <<'EOF'
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF
sysctl --system
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# containerd
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable" \
> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
apt-get update && apt-get install -y containerd.io
cat > /etc/containerd/config.toml <<'EOF'
version = 2
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
SystemdCgroup = true
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d"
EOF
# Registry mirrors pointing to Zot at 192.168.0.30:5000
mkdir -p \
/etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io \
/etc/containerd/certs.d/registry.k8s.io \
/etc/containerd/certs.d/ghcr.io \
/etc/containerd/certs.d/quay.io
cat > /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml <<'EOF'
server = "https://registry-1.docker.io"
[host."http://192.168.0.30:5000/v2/docker.io"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
skip_verify = true
override_path = true
EOF
cat > /etc/containerd/certs.d/registry.k8s.io/hosts.toml <<'EOF'
server = "https://registry.k8s.io"
[host."http://192.168.0.30:5000/v2/registry.k8s.io"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
skip_verify = true
override_path = true
EOF
cat > /etc/containerd/certs.d/ghcr.io/hosts.toml <<'EOF'
server = "https://ghcr.io"
[host."http://192.168.0.30:5000/v2/ghcr.io"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
skip_verify = true
override_path = true
EOF
cat > /etc/containerd/certs.d/quay.io/hosts.toml <<'EOF'
server = "https://quay.io"
[host."http://192.168.0.30:5000/v2/quay.io"]
capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
skip_verify = true
override_path = true
EOF
systemctl restart containerd
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# kubelet systemd drop-in
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
cat > /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-containerd.conf <<'EOF'
[Unit]
After=containerd.service
Requires=containerd.service
[Service]
ExecStartPre=/bin/bash -c 'until [ -S /var/run/containerd/containerd.sock ]; do sleep 1; done'
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/crictl info
EOF
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# kubeadm / kubelet / kubectl v1.32
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.32/deb/Release.key \
| gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.32/deb/ /" \
> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
apt-get update && apt-get install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl
# join kube cluster
JOIN_COMMAND="kubeadm join 192.168.0.31:6443 --token <token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>"

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
```bash
virt-install \
--name microsandbox \
--ram 8192\
--vcpus 4 \
--cpu host-passthrough \
--os-variant ubuntu24.04 \
--disk path=/srv/vms/microsandbox.qcow2,size=100,format=qcow2,bus=virtio \
--network bridge=br0,model=virtio \
--graphics none \
--console pty,target_type=serial \
--location /srv/vms/isos/ubuntu-24.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso,kernel=casper/vmlinuz,initrd=casper/initrd \
--extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8'
```

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
#cloud-config
hostname: ${hostname}
manage_etc_hosts: true
# Kernel modules for container networking
write_files:
- path: /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf
content: |
overlay
br_netfilter
- path: /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
content: |
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
packages:
- curl
- gpg
- apt-transport-https
runcmd:
- modprobe overlay
- modprobe br_netfilter
- sysctl --system
- swapoff -a
- sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
terraform {
required_providers {
orbstack = {
source = "robertdebock/orbstack"
version = "~> 3.0"
}
cloudinit = {
source = "hashicorp/cloudinit"
version = "~> 2.0"
}
}
}
variable "node_count" {
description = "Number of nodes to deploy"
type = number
default = 3
}
variable "name" {
description = "Base name for the machines"
type = string
}
variable "distro" {
description = "OS distribution"
type = string
default = "ubuntu"
}
variable "distro_version" {
description = "OS distribution version/codename"
type = string
default = "noble"
}
variable "extra_cloud_init_parts" {
description = "Additional cloud-init parts to layer on top of the base config"
type = list(object({ content = string, content_type = string }))
default = []
}
data "cloudinit_config" "this" {
count = var.node_count
part {
content_type = "text/cloud-config"
content = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init-base.yaml", {
hostname = "${var.name}-${count.index + 1}"
})
}
dynamic "part" {
for_each = var.extra_cloud_init_parts
content {
content_type = part.value.content_type
content = part.value.content
}
}
}
resource "orbstack_machine" "this" {
count = var.node_count
name = "${var.name}-${count.index + 1}"
distro = var.distro
region = var.distro_version
user_data = data.cloudinit_config.this[count.index].rendered
}
output "machines" {
value = { for m in orbstack_machine.this : m.name => m.ip_address }
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
#cloud-config
merge_how:
- name: list
settings: [append]
- name: dict
settings: [recurse_array]
runcmd:
- curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="server" K3S_TOKEN="${k3s_token}" sh -
- until kubectl get nodes; do sleep 2; done
- cp /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml /root/kubeconfig.yaml

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
#cloud-config
merge_how:
- name: list
settings: [append]
- name: dict
settings: [recurse_array]
runcmd:
- curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="agent" K3S_URL="https://${cp_ip}:6443" K3S_TOKEN="${join_token}" sh -

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
variable "k3s_token" {
description = "Shared secret for k3s cluster join (set via TF_VAR or tfvars)"
type = string
sensitive = true
}
module "control_plane" {
source = "../../modules/base-template"
name = "k3s-cp"
node_count = 1
extra_cloud_init_parts = [{
content_type = "text/cloud-config"
content = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init-cp.yaml", {
k3s_token = var.k3s_token
})
}]
}
module "workers" {
source = "../../modules/base-template"
name = "k3s-worker"
node_count = 2
extra_cloud_init_parts = [{
content_type = "text/cloud-config"
content = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init-worker.yaml", {
cp_ip = values(module.control_plane.machines)[0]
join_token = var.k3s_token
})
}]
}
output "cluster" {
value = {
control_plane = module.control_plane.machines
workers = module.workers.machines
}
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
## install
```bash
# master node
curl -sfL https://get.rke2.io | INSTALL_RKE2_VERSION=v1.32.12+rke2r1 sh -
systemctl enable rke2-server.service
systemctl start rke2-server.service
journalctl -u rke2-server -f
# open firewalld
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=9345/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=6443/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp # Kubelet
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
# install nerdctl
# Set the version
VERSION="2.2.1" # Check GitHub for the latest version
# Download the tarball
wget https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v${VERSION}/nerdctl-${VERSION}-linux-arm64.tar.gz
# Extract to your path
sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -xzvf nerdctl-${VERSION}-linux-arm64.tar.gz nerdctl
# configure nerdctl
sudo mkdir -p /etc/nerdctl
sudo tee /etc/nerdctl/nerdctl.toml <<EOF
address = "unix:///run/k3s/containerd/containerd.sock"
namespace = "k8s.io"
EOF
# install buildkit
# Set current stable version
BK_VER="0.28.0"
# Download arm64 binary
wget https://github.com/moby/buildkit/releases/download/v${BK_VER}/buildkit-v${BK_VER}.linux-arm64.tar.gz
# Extract only the binaries to /usr/local/bin
sudo tar -C /usr/local/bin -xzvf buildkit-v${BK_VER}.linux-arm64.tar.gz --strip-components=1 bin/
# Create the service file
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/buildkit.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=BuildKit
Documentation=https://github.com/moby/buildkit
[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/buildkitd --addr unix:///run/buildkit/buildkitd.sock
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
# Reload and Start
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now buildkit
# ---------------------------------------------
# agent/worker node
curl -sfL https://get.rke2.io | INSTALL_RKE2_TYPE="agent" INSTALL_RKE2_VERSION=v1.32.12+rke2r1 sh -
systemctl enable rke2-agent.service
mkdir -p /etc/rancher/rke2/
# token from master node
# cat /var/lib/rancher/rke2/server/node-token
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/rancher/rke2/config.yaml
server: https://192.168.64.3:9345
token: K107618960f87b9efb3a3255ce00a9743d29f1db9376820c9144cb85fa3c554dc69::server:06b2effdf0c9ce3952efc8a5d80bf084
EOF
systemctl start rke2-agent.service
journalctl -u rke2-agent -f
# Set up kubectl on the server node
echo 'export KUBECONFIG=/etc/rancher/rke2/rke2.yaml' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/var/lib/rancher/rke2/bin' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
```
## build and deploy application
```bash
# build container with nerdctl
nerdctl --namespace k8s.io build --tag hello-world:latest .
# export image as tar on master node
nerdctl save hello-world:latest -o hello-world.tar
# copy it over to worker node
scp hello-world.tar novakj@192.168.64.4:~/
# import image on the agent node
sudo /var/lib/rancher/rke2/bin/ctr --address /run/k3s/containerd/containerd.sock -n k8s.io images import hello-world.tar
kubectl create namespace rke2-apps
cat <<EOF > deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: hello-world-deployment
namespace: rke2-apps
labels:
type: staticwebapp
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
type: staticwebapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
type: staticwebapp
spec:
containers:
- name: staticwebapp
image: hello-world:latest
imagePullPolicy: Never
ports:
- containerPort: 80
resources:
requests:
memory: "32Mi"
cpu: "200m"
limits:
memory: "64Mi"
cpu: "300m"
EOF
kubectl create -f deployment.yaml
# expose deployment
kubectl expose deployment hello-world-deployment --name hello-world-service --port=8080 --target-port=80 -n rke2-apps
# install ingress-nginx (even though i thought that there is ingress controller already deployed)
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.1.2/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml
# create ingress with "localhost" as host
kubectl create ingress hello-world-ingress --class=nginx --rule="test-host/*=hello-world-service:8080" -n rke2-apps
kubectl port-forward -n ingress-nginx service/ingress-nginx-controller 8081:80
# incomplete completion configuration ;-)
dnf install bash-completion -y
alias 'k=kubectl'
# ~/.bashrc
# 1. Load the main bash-completion package first
# On Rocky/RHEL, it's usually at this path:
[[ -r "/usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion" ]] && . "/usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion"
# Enable kubectl bash completion
source <(kubectl completion bash)
# Set up the alias
alias k=kubectl
# Link the kubectl completion logic to the 'k' alias
complete -o default -F __start_kubectl k
```
## upgrading RKE2
```bash
# install upgrade controller
kubectl apply -f https://github.com/rancher/system-upgrade-controller/releases/download/v0.9.1/system-upgrade-controller.yaml
# server upgrade
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: upgrade.cattle.io/v1
kind: Plan
metadata:
name: rke2-server-upgrade
namespace: system-upgrade
spec:
concurrency: 1
cordon: true
nodeSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane
operator: In
values: ["true"]
serviceAccountName: system-upgrade
upgrade:
image: rancher/rke2-upgrade
version: v1.33.9+rke2r1
EOF
# agent upgrade
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: upgrade.cattle.io/v1
kind: Plan
metadata:
name: rke2-agent-upgrade
namespace: system-upgrade
spec:
concurrency: 1
cordon: true
nodeSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane
operator: DoesNotExist
prepare:
# Logic: "Don't start workers until servers are done"
args: ["wait-for-plan", "rke2-server-upgrade"]
image: rancher/rke2-upgrade
serviceAccountName: system-upgrade
upgrade:
image: rancher/rke2-upgrade
version: v1.33.9+rke2r1
EOF
```

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
## VMS creation
```bash
# hypervisor: beelink (192.168.0.6)
vms_path=/srv/vms/images
isos_path=/srv/vms/isos
cd $isos_path
# Grab Ubuntu 24.04 cloud image
wget https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/noble/current/noble-server-cloudimg-amd64.img
# Create a base disk from the cloud image (repeat per node)
for NODE in rke2-server rke2-agent1 rke2-agent2; do
DISK_SIZE="30G"
[[ "$NODE" == rke2-agent* ]] && DISK_SIZE="50G"
qemu-img create -f qcow2 -F qcow2 -b $isos_path/noble-server-cloudimg-amd64.img $vms_path/${NODE}.qcow2
qemu-img resize $vms_path/${NODE}.qcow2 ${DISK_SIZE}
done
```
```bash
# prepare cloud-init/user-data
apt install cloud-image-utils
# prepare cloud-init and launch VMs
declare -A nodes=(
[rke2-server]="192.168.0.51"
[rke2-agent1]="192.168.0.52"
[rke2-agent2]="192.168.0.53"
)
for node in "${!nodes[@]}"; do
ip="${nodes[$node]}"
# user-data
cat <<EOF > user-data-${node}
#cloud-config
hostname: ${node}
manage_etc_hosts: false
users:
- name: sre
sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
shell: /bin/bash
ssh_authorized_keys:
- ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAINQxxkqmvtVI+8c5BkTaJ5c2HfBFRXJWMmEcevvfP9tV jan.novak@Jans-MacBook-Air.local
write_files:
- path: /etc/hosts
append: true
content: |
192.168.0.51 rke2-server
192.168.0.52 rke2-agent1
192.168.0.53 rke2-agent2
- path: /etc/modules-load.d/rke2.conf
content: |
br_netfilter
overlay
- path: /etc/sysctl.d/99-rke2.conf
content: |
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
swap:
filename: /swap.img
size: 0
maxsize: 0
runcmd:
- swapoff -a
- sed -i '/swap/d' /etc/fstab
- modprobe br_netfilter
- modprobe overlay
- sysctl --system
package_update: true
packages:
- qemu-guest-agent
- nfs-common
- open-iscsi
power_state:
mode: reboot
EOF
# network config
cat <<EOF > network-config-${node}
network:
version: 2
ethernets:
eth0:
match:
driver: "virtio_net"
addresses:
- "${ip}/24"
nameservers:
addresses:
- 8.8.8.8
routes:
- to: "default"
via: "192.168.0.4"
EOF
cloud-localds --network-config=./network-config-${node} \
$vms_path/${node}-seed.iso ./user-data-${node}
done
# Launch VMs
for node in "${!nodes[@]}"; do
virt-install \
--name ${node} \
--ram 4096 --vcpus 2 \
--os-variant ubuntu24.04 \
--disk $vms_path/${node}.qcow2,bus=virtio \
--disk $vms_path/${node}-seed.iso,device=cdrom \
--network bridge=br0,model=virtio \
--graphics none \
--console pty,target_type=serial \
--noautoconsole \
--import
done
```
## RKE2 installation
```bash
# there are no .deb packages - only rpm or tarball
# "magic" install script can handle that
curl -sfL https://get.rke2.io | INSTALL_RKE2_CHANNEL=v1.32 sudo sh -
# Create config directory
sudo mkdir -p /etc/rancher/rke2
# Server configuration
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/rancher/rke2/config.yaml
# Bind the API to the node's IP (not 127.0.0.1)
tls-san:
- rke2-server
- 192.168.0.51
# Write kubeconfig readable by non-root
write-kubeconfig-mode: "0644"
# CNI - canal is default and fine for home lab
# Alternatives: cilium, calico, multus
cni:
- canal
# Disable servicelb if you plan to use metallb
disable:
- rke2-service-lb
EOF
# Enable and start
sudo systemctl enable rke2-server.service
sudo systemctl start rke2-server.service
# Watch bootstrap (takes 2-3 min on first run)
sudo journalctl -u rke2-server -f
```
## Grab the join token and kubeconfig
```bash
# Token for agents to join
sudo cat /var/lib/rancher/rke2/server/node-token
# Save this somewhere - you'll need it on every agent
# Set up kubectl on the server node
echo 'export KUBECONFIG=/etc/rancher/rke2/rke2.yaml' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/var/lib/rancher/rke2/bin' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
# Verify
kubectl get nodes
```
## Install RKE2 Agents (Workers)
```bash
# Install RKE2 agent - same channel as server
curl -sfL https://get.rke2.io | INSTALL_RKE2_CHANNEL=v1.32 INSTALL_RKE2_TYPE=agent sudo sh -
# Create config
sudo mkdir -p /etc/rancher/rke2
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/rancher/rke2/config.yaml
server: https://192.168.0.51:9345
token: K10dba0bfff01d610ffed41c6b82a1b8861ee19e5af34a3bdd21970936823a846da::server:1f02fb36a288dcd06770cab28b015bd7
EOF
# Enable and start
sudo systemctl enable rke2-agent.service
sudo systemctl start rke2-agent.service
# Watch join
sudo journalctl -u rke2-agent -f
```
## Copy Kubeconfig to Your Workstation
```bash
# On your workstation (not the VMs)
scp sre@192.168.0.51:/etc/rancher/rke2/rke2.yaml ~/.kube/rke2-homelab.yaml
# Fix the server address (it'll say 127.0.0.1)
gsed -i 's/127.0.0.1/192.168.0.51/' ~/.kube/rke2-homelab.yaml
export KUBECONFIG=~/.kube/rke2-homelab.yaml
kubectl get nodes
```