feat(go): scheduled bank sync (Go only)

The Go server now runs sync -> infer -> flush-cache by itself at the
times in SYNC_SCHEDULE (comma-separated HH:MM, default 04:00, "off"
disables), read in SYNC_TZ (default Europe/Prague). Nothing runs at
startup; an invalid value stops the server with an error.

- internal/scheduler: time-of-day parsing, Next, and the run loop
- banksync.Runner: one lock shared by /sync-bank and the scheduler so
  runs never overlap, plus the status of the last run
- footer shows the last sync since start and the next scheduled run
- binary embeds time/tzdata because the Alpine image has no zone data

Deliberately not implemented in the legacy Python app, which is being
phased out; recorded in CLAUDE.md under "Deliberately Go-only features".

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

go/internal/services/banksync/runner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package banksync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// ErrBusy is returned by Runner.Run when another run is still in progress.
+var ErrBusy = errors.New("a sync is already running")
+
+// RunStatus describes one finished run of a Runner.
+type RunStatus struct {
+	Started, Finished time.Time
+	Trigger           string // "manual" or "scheduled"
+	Err               error
+}
+
+// Runner serialises bank sync runs so a scheduled run and a manual one never
+// overlap (overlapping runs could append the same rows twice), and remembers
+// the outcome of the last run for display.
+type Runner struct {
+	job func(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) error
+
+	running sync.Mutex
+
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	last    RunStatus
+	hasLast bool
+}
+
+// NewRunner wraps job, which performs one full sync and writes a
+// human-readable log to out.
+func NewRunner(job func(ctx context.Context, out io.Writer) error) *Runner {
+	return &Runner{job: job}
+}
+
+// Run executes the job unless one is already running, in which case it
+// returns ErrBusy without waiting.
+func (r *Runner) Run(ctx context.Context, trigger string, out io.Writer) error {
+	if !r.running.TryLock() {
+		return ErrBusy
+	}
+	defer r.running.Unlock()
+
+	st := RunStatus{Started: time.Now(), Trigger: trigger}
+	st.Err = r.job(ctx, out)
+	st.Finished = time.Now()
+
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	r.last, r.hasLast = st, true
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+	return st.Err
+}
+
+// Last returns the outcome of the most recent finished run, if any.
+func (r *Runner) Last() (RunStatus, bool) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	return r.last, r.hasLast
+}

go/internal/services/banksync/runner_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package banksync
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestRunner_RecordsStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	r := NewRunner(func(context.Context, io.Writer) error { return nil })
+	if _, ok := r.Last(); ok {
+		t.Fatal("Last before any run: want ok=false")
+	}
+	if err := r.Run(context.Background(), "scheduled", io.Discard); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	st, ok := r.Last()
+	if !ok || st.Trigger != "scheduled" || st.Err != nil || st.Finished.Before(st.Started) {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected status %+v ok=%v", st, ok)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunner_RecordsError(t *testing.T) {
+	boom := errors.New("boom")
+	r := NewRunner(func(context.Context, io.Writer) error { return boom })
+	if err := r.Run(context.Background(), "manual", io.Discard); !errors.Is(err, boom) {
+		t.Fatalf("Run err = %v, want boom", err)
+	}
+	if st, _ := r.Last(); !errors.Is(st.Err, boom) || st.Trigger != "manual" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected status %+v", st)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunner_BusyWhileRunning(t *testing.T) {
+	started := make(chan struct{})
+	release := make(chan struct{})
+	first := true
+	r := NewRunner(func(context.Context, io.Writer) error {
+		if first { // runs are serialised by Runner, so no extra locking is needed
+			first = false
+			close(started)
+			<-release
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- r.Run(context.Background(), "scheduled", io.Discard) }()
+	<-started
+
+	if err := r.Run(context.Background(), "manual", io.Discard); !errors.Is(err, ErrBusy) {
+		t.Errorf("second Run err = %v, want ErrBusy", err)
+	}
+	close(release)
+	if err := <-done; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// The skipped run must not overwrite the status of the real one.
+	if st, _ := r.Last(); st.Trigger != "scheduled" {
+		t.Errorf("Last trigger = %q, want scheduled", st.Trigger)
+	}
+	if err := r.Run(context.Background(), "manual", io.Discard); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Run after release: %v", err)
+	}
+}